#1

HELLO:) Sorry for not posting for such a long time. 

Anyway, now i am back with a new module. Not chemistry anymore, but ISM--> Integrated Science Module. We are trying to find the best solution to problems using our creative and critical thinking minds! 

Today during lab lesson again, we had to build a ramp for a marble to roll down. We were given many materials ad 3 different sizes of marbles to choose between them to ensure that it would travel the slowest. The aim of this experiment is to find out how we should build the ramp to make the marble travel as slow as possible. 

We were given several materials such as pins, a board, straws, small, medium and large-sized marbles, stopwatch and tape. Using these materials we had to build a track so that the marbles could roll down slowly. We were not able to cut any materials. 

Reflection

1.    How well did the marble stay on its pathway?

The marble stayed on its path well. It did not roll of the board halfway and completed its route.

2.    How well did it turn the corners?

It turned its corners quite well, however sometimes the marble does get trapped when turning the corners.

3.    How long did it take the marble to complete its journey?

It took 15s to complete its journey. 

5.    What other factors affect the performance of your marble?

The tape that we placed and the plasticine to increase friction hence slow down the marble. 

6.    How might your design be improved?

We could also use the pins as barriers to slow the marble down instead on top of the clay. We could have placed our tape neater so that it would not stop the marble from rolling and we could plan our experiment better by making the gradient steeper because only for one slope the gradient was steep the rest was a little to gradual hence the marble had little kinetic energy roll hence our ramp did not ensure that our marble would roll till the end every time we tried. our marble rolled down really quickly as the clay did not really slow it down. 

Thank you for reading! Hope you find it informative! 

Entry 14

HI!

So, for the first experiment, we had to investigate if changes of matter can be brought about by light if the substance of material is light sensitive. The experiment consisted of these few steps... 

Steps:

1. Soak the filter paper with sodium chloride solution (NaCl)
2. Place the filter paper on a clean white tile
3. Drip 4 drops of silver nitrate solution all over the the filter paper. White precipitate will form on the filter paper. Ensure that the white precipitate covers the filter paper.
4. Quickly place the opaque object on top of the filter paper, covering some of the white precipitate
5. Place the paper in bright light for 15-20 minutes.

After the experiment was done and after awhile, we observed violet coloured stains on the filter paper.

For the next part of the experiment...

Thermal Decomposition

Steps:

1. Add a level spatula of the copper (ll) nitrate solid into a test tube
2. Gently heat the solid in the test tube over a bunsen flame
3. Record any observations

The next experiment was really cool to cuz there was FIRE! 

Steps:

1. In a beaker of soap water, bubble gas from the gas tap into the soap water
2. Scoop a handful of bubbles

Light a lighter at the bubbles

Steps:

1. Fill a boiling tube with potassium iodine solution and lead nitrilate solution
2. Add 5 drops of lead nitrate solution to the boiling tube
3. Record any observations
4. Add water to the boiling tube until it is half full
5. Heat the resulting mixture to obtain a near colourless solution 
6. Allow the boiling tubes to cool on a test tube rack for approximately 10 minutes then place it in a beaker of water
7. Record any observation

*steps 5-7 were conducted by the teacher

Precipitate formed when 2 colourless liquids are mixed together. 

Thank you for reading!! 

--THE END--

Entry 13

Hey guys! Really sorry for not posting for a relatively long time >< Anyway, here is an update of my chemistry lessons:)

Today we had to do 3 activities. One was on observing how the iodine solids sublimed. The second one was on observing what would happen after heating 3 different substances. Copper (II) sulphate, magnesium and sodium chloride. The effect from magnesium was literally THE COOLEST!! When heated by the flame it reacted by producing very very bright lights which was blinding. After that, the changed into white ashes from its original metallic, grey and silvery strip. After that we also had some questions on the assumptions of kinetic particle theory.

Sorry to say that i dont have my worksheet with me today as the teacher collected it. So, i will come back with more interesting updates on what happened today once i get my worksheet back!! We've really received tons of alternative assessments that have really close deadline, which is killing me :( so i hope i can tell you more once i'm done with those suffocating tests!

This is how the heated magnesium sorta looked like.

Thanks for reading again!! :D

Entry 12

Hi guys! :) Today's lesson was just a continuation to the chapter on Kinetic Particle Theory.

Kinetic particle theory represent-> kinetic particle model-> explains particles motion & arrangement in states of matter.

Kinetic particle theory->explains:
-diffusion
-inter-conversion of states
- brownian motion

Assumptions...
Explains particle behavior like arrangement, motion and forces of attraction between particles.

NOTE!
1.Kinetic energy-> causes change in temperature.
2. Particles traveling a straight line.

DIFFUSION


It is the movement of substance from higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. The particles move randomly and constantly until it reaches its equilibrium.

BROWNIAN MOTION
Take note....
For example: pollen grain and air molecules in a beaker. It isn't the pollen grain thy is moving. It is the air molecules that are colliding with the pollen grains causing it to vibrate.

Use KPT( kinetic particle theory) to explain what happens to particles
=> when an ice cube melts
=> when water boils

** the more heat energy taken in by the particle the stronger the vibration.

When an ice cube melts....
Water molecules gain energy and vibrate faster about their fixed positions. They stay together due to a strong attraction between the molecules. When solid water molecules gain suffixing energy to overcome the hydrogen bonding (the bond between water molecules) between them in their fixed positions, the water molecules will move slightly apart and can now roll and glide over each other.

** once the way causes the water molecule to reach its threshold, they will bread the bond apart.

When water boils....
The water molecules gain energy, move faster and further apart. When water molecules gain sufficient energy to completely overcome the hydrogen bonding between the molecules, the water molecules move far apart and away from each other.

** At boiling point, the bond will break.

After that we were given some questions to ponder about... That was about it for the lesson as it was only an hour, we also had a pre test for this topic:)

Thank you for reading!!

Entry 11

Hi everyone!! Today I had another awesome chemistry lab lesson in school!! Ths lesson was extremely informative and super interesting!

We were introduced to the chapter of kinetic particle theory. The kinetic particle theory helps to explain the way in which matters behaves, the evidence is consistent with the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles. This theory explains the physical properties of matter in erms of the movement of its constituent particles. 

Diffusion is a Physical phenomenon that takes place in liquids and gases, an evidence is the smell of aromatic essential oil where the gas particles spread out in a haphazard and random way. 

Gases diffuse at different rates, light particles travel faster than heavier ones at a given temperature.  

Diffussion also takes place in liquids but at a slower rate due to lower kinetic energy posses by the particles moving.

We carried out an experiment that involced mixing to silids: beans and sand. Our conclusion at the end of the experiment is that when equal volumes of sand bean are mixed together, the total colume is less that the two columes added together, there are spaces between both the sand and beans.

Experiment 2: 
1. Fill up half the pastic tube with distilled water. 
2. Gently top up the remaining half of the tube with alcohol. Ensure that the liquid is all the way to the top of the tube. 
3. Do not mix the two lquids. There should be a line/an interrface that indicates two layers of liquids. 
4. Hold the tube with your thumb covering the open end of the tube completely. 
5. Invert and hold on to the tube regardless of the strange sensation the mixing creates on the thumb. 
6. Hold the tube upright again

What we observed....
The volume of the mixture after the procedure is lower than the original one. This is because the water molecules are smaller hence can fit in to the spaces of the ethanol hence having a slight drop in volume.

Particles in solid move, however it moves very slowly. they vibrate at their fix posuitions. Between particles they have strong attraction within them to keep them together. 

 After awhile the gases in the jar will become a uniform colour. 

Conclusion...
Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion. 

How wil you define diffusion? 
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration area until it reaches its equilibrium. 

3 important points to sum up the experiments:
1. There are spaces between each partivles
2. They move in random and constant motion
3. Large particles diffuse slower as compared to lighter particles.

That's all for now, i will share with you all more after tomorrow lesson again! Thanks for reading!! :)




 

Entry 10

Hey guys! This is my first post for February!! Happy new year to those reading this!! Hope you enjoy the holidays :)

Today's lesson wasnt very mind draining, but we are in a very large and important topic! Which is........ KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY!!! It doesn't look as simple as it is and constitutes a BIG section of the chemistry paper ö.

Okay today's lesson agenda...
1. Test on separation techniques and purification
2. Introduction to kinetic particle theory
3. Activity on kinetic particle theory

The test wasn't EXTREMELY easy but it wasn't too difficult either, luckily I studied ><. Hopefully I do well:),


When I've learnt more about kinetic particle theory I will share more with you'll!! 
The activity was on predicting properties using model activity. This activity was quite difficult but we still manage to do it. We had to continue doing it after school though.  

Thank you for reading!! 8D

Entry 9

Hi everyone!

Hope you'll have had a good weekend! Anyway, i am back to share with you more about my laboratory lesson in school today.

Today was about crystallization. 
Introducing you to crystallization....
It is solution is the most common method used to purify soluble solids. There are many ways to carry out crystallization  The seeding method allows you to grow a large single crystal, others allows you to grow many crystals at a time. By controlling the variables such as cooling rate and evaporation rate, the size and shape of the crystals can be controlled.

In order crystallization to take place, there are certain conditions that need to be met.Firstly, the solid in question must be soluble in water. Secondly, the solubility of the substance should change with change temperature. Thirdly, the solution used should be saturated with solution.  Typically, the solution is heated to form a hot, saturation solution. The heating allows for excess solvent to be removed via evaporation. as the hot saturated solution cools. The dissolved solid appears as crystals as the solubility of the solute decreases with decreasing temperature. This means that as temperature of the solution drops less solute can be dissolved in the solution. The excess solution will then appear in the solution in the form of crystals.

After the entire experiment, i learned that crystals obtained by rapid cooling, meaning that the solution in the boiling tube is placed in a beaker of cold water. The crystals that are obtained are smaller and irregular. Crystals obtained by slow cooling, meaning it is heated slowly by hot water will result in becoming bigger and in a more regular shape.

This is how Copper (II) Sulphate looks like.

Some steps of the crystallization process.

Conclusion
Crystals formed by rapid cooling are smaller & less regular as compared to slow cooling.

Some questions to think about....

1. How can you obtain more crystals from the cooled copper (II) sulphate solution?

• Add more water to dissolve more copper sulphate. 
• Add more copper sulphate
• Apply slow cooling instead of rapid cooling. 

2. Suggest 2 reasons why in crystallization method we should stop heating before all the solvent evaporated. 

• To prevent the copper sulphate from decomposing 
• There will be soluble impurities will be left behind. 

We also learned more about sublimation. In which, the solid turns from solid -> gas without passing through liquid. An example would be iodine (solid). When placed with sand and a funnel placed over it, it will emit "purple" coloured gas. 

Sublimation set-up. 

Result of sublimation of iodine solids. 

After that, we continued doing our online activity called Are you good enough for it? Soon after that the class ended :) Thank you for reading!!